《近代史研究》2008年第1期

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一、中文目录
 

专题论文   
“运动”中的理性人——华北土改期间各阶层的形势判断和行为选择  李里峰（4）
士绅阶层与晚清“民变”——绅民冲突的历史趋向与时代成因  王先明（21）
战时重庆“有机知识分子”及其阶级道德基础研究——以余祖胜为例  何稼书（34）
20世纪前期天津水供给与城市生活的变迁 刘海岩（52）
农村合作与金融“下乡”——1934－1937年赣闽边区农村经济复苏考察  游海华(68)
清末地方官员学堂教育述论—— 以课吏馆和法政学堂为中心  徐保安（84）
从朝鲜电信线问题看甲午战争前的中日关系 郭海燕（104）
理论探讨   
叙述转向与新旧之间的整合——新世纪中国近现代史研究面临的一个问题 胡 成(117)
问题讨论  
也说历史研究中的“假设”问题 赵庆云（131）
书评与文评   
略谈《毛洛合作与长征胜利》的价值 周一平、陈秀利(136）
学术综述   
晚清以降的经济与社会——第二届中国近代社会史国际学术研讨会综述 朱 浒（143）
晚清改革与社会变迁——第二届晚清史国际学术研讨会综述  王宏斌（150）
开放的文化观念——纪念新文化运动90周年国际学术研讨会综述  王代莉（155） 
第三届郭沫若中国历史学奖获奖名单 （160）

二、中文内容提要

“运动”中的理性人——华北土改期间各阶层的形势判断和行为选择　　李里峰（南京大学公共管理学院政治学系副教授）
［内容提要］本文从微观互动论视角和“理性人”假设出发，探讨华北土改运动期间各阶层的形势判断和行为特征。在土改运动中，乡村社会成员被赋予不同的阶级身份，他们在此基础上对革命形势和自身处境加以判断，进而作出相应的行为选择。其中，地主、富农选择余地较小，只能在极度不利的条件下艰难博弈，以规避更坏的结果；而贫、雇农在运动中居于优势地位，其行为方式体现出理性农民与道义农民之间的张力；中农则在安全与利益两种考量之间进行权衡，而前者常占据上风，成为其行为选择的基本依据。
［关键词］土地改革|群众运动|理性人|阶级身份

士绅阶层与晚清“民变”——绅民冲突的历史趋向与时代成因　　王先明（南开大学中国社会史研究中心暨历史学院教授）
［内容提要］在持续不绝的晚清“民变”风潮中，绅民冲突呈现出日趋频繁和激烈的走向。日渐突出的绅民冲突，凸现着中国社会结构的深层变动。在从传统走向近代的体制变迁过程中，传统士绅阶层被直接推向了基层社会权力重构的中心，形成了占据地方各项权力资源的士绅——权绅。由此形成的绅、民利益及其关系的冲突和恶化，构成了晚清以来地方社会“民变”大潮持续涌动的基本原因之一。晚清“新政”构成绅权“体制化”扩展的制度性基础，而权绅的“体制化”也就构成了“民变”或“绅民冲突”的制度性根源。
［关键词］晚清|士绅阶层|民变|绅民冲突

战时重庆“有机知识分子”及其阶级道德基础研究——以余祖胜为例　　何稼书（美国密西西比大学副教授）
［内容提要］以余祖胜为代表的工人作家作为1940年代中国激进工人阶层中的一部分，在促进“阶级计划”的进程中是一群重要的人物。为了尝试在工人和知识分子之间架起一座桥梁，并粉碎社会强加于工人阶级的耻辱，余祖胜开始从事写作。写作既是余祖胜自我解放的一种方式，也是其表达信念的工具：首先，余祖胜用当时社会所能接受的语言，要求社会给与工人应有的尊严，在1940年代重庆工人阶级的形成过程中起到了一定的作用。其次，在其作品中，余将自己的伦理观念、政治需求与个人的亲身经历融合在一起，为知识分子塑造了社会和政治鞭挞者的新形象。余努力的结果是，他成长为葛兰西所说的“有机知识分子”的典型。余祖胜渴望成为一名他自己所定义的知识分子，同时他也认为工人应与知识分子一样拥有高尚的道德境界，这使他经常处于知识分子与工人之间的夹缝位置，与其他社会阶层成员之间的关系开始变得模糊。值得回味的是，在余去世后的十年里，知识分子的改造运动在中国广泛盛行开来。
［关键词］战时重庆|“有机知识分子”|余祖胜|阶级道德基础|写作

20世纪前期天津水供给与城市生活的变迁　　刘海岩（天津社会科学院历史研究所研究员）
［内容提要］自来水的出现对近代城市的影响是巨大的，它改变了城市的空间结构，促进了城市市政体系的形成。天津作为一个商埠城市，租界的存在和城市行政的分割，使得水供给长期形成两大系统。不同的社会环境和市政制度，使自来水以不同的方式被城市社会接受。在租界，自来水的供给是近代化社区形成的基础，在老城区，自来水的传入更多表现出传统与新生活方式之间的冲突与交融。然而无论如何，从清末到民国时期，伴随着自来水进入人们的生活，健康、卫生等新的观念逐步被接受，近代城市生活方式逐渐形成。
［关键词］自来水|城市生活|近代市政|城市史

农村合作与金融“下乡”——1934－1937年赣闽边区农村经济复苏考察　　游海华（江西师范大学历史系副教授）
［内容提要］1934年底，赣闽边区国共大规模争战的尘埃徐徐落定。如何尽快恢复因战乱而几近崩溃的收复区农村经济，是处于执政地位的国民政府面临的紧迫问题。1935年初，赣闽两省政府（省农村合作委员会）先后派员分赴边区各县成立办事处，用“快干手段”“组社贷款”和“恢复春耕”，构建了以利用合作预备社为基干的现代农村金融网络，政府的“扶农”资金因此得以迅速而有效地“下乡”；当年底，江西第8行政区（原中央苏区中心瑞金、兴国等7县）30万户居民中的约15万农户，获得农业、农仓和特种救济贷款共约70万元。正是由于执政政府指导农民创办农村合作的“主动”，从而使得农村合作在边区“战后救灾”这一特殊环境和历史时段中，能够充分发挥它的金融“下乡”与资本扶助功能，并启动与刺激了赣闽边区农村经济的复苏进程。
［关键词］赣闽边区|农村合作|金融下乡|农村经济|复苏

清末地方官员学堂教育述论——以课吏馆和法政学堂为中心　　徐保安（山东轻工业学院政法学院讲师）
 ［内容提要］清末“开民智”以外，还有“开官智”。学堂教育是开官智的重要形式之一。清末地方官员接受教育的学堂是各省课吏馆及由课吏馆改设而来的法政学堂。清末地方官员的学堂教育注重西学课吏，并与实践相结合，对新政的推行起到了一定的作用。但由于清政府认识不到官智不开的根源，对政局真正有影响的督抚大吏并不接受教育，且学堂课程繁重，盲目追求速成，致使地方官员学堂教育未能取得令人满意的效果。
［关键词］开官智|学堂教育|清末新政|课吏馆|法政学堂

从朝鲜电信线问题看甲午战争前的中日关系　　郭海燕（日本大学理工学部一般教育专任讲师）
［内容提要］19世纪80年代中叶到甲午战争爆发前的10年，正是中日两国争夺朝鲜控制权的10年。发生在这一时期的中日争夺朝鲜电信权个案,则是中日在朝鲜展开的一场代理战争,也是19世纪80年代中日朝三国关系的一个缩影。从这个历史个案可以看到，为了赢得控制朝鲜的主动权,维护和扩大各自的在朝势力,中日双方在具体权益问题上采用的都是回避对方、直接与朝鲜进行交涉的外交策略。同时作为权宜之计，又都不失时机地充分利用对方的立场,对朝鲜施加压力以达到目的。对朝鲜,清政府采用了传统的宗属外交与近代条约外交相结合的灵活外交政策。对中国,日本采用了暂时放弃与中国争夺朝鲜电信线的架设权和管理权,将获取通信手段放在首位的实用主义外交。这种表面上没有直接对立,水面下却竞争激烈,有时又相互利用的关系，正是这一时期中日关系的特点。这种关系从甲申政变后开始,一直持续到甲午战争爆发为止。
［关键词］中日关系|朝鲜|电信条约|李鸿章|井上馨

叙述转向与新旧之间的整合——新世纪中国近现代史研究面临的一个问题　　胡　成(南京大学历史系教授)
［内容提要］新世纪以来中国近现代史研究一个日益显现的叙述转向，是对边缘、性别、底层、族群、区域及诸多以往被忽略历史面相的呈现和重估，及对20世纪初兴起的现代性史学的质疑和挑战。虽则，新的叙述转向与旧的现代性史学之间存在着某些重要的歧异，但进入这一取向并不意味着必然排斥另一取向，学术的发展需要新旧间的碰撞、对话、沟通和整合，即体现为“当场”与“事后”交相参照的历史建构，“见之于行事”和理论作为策略的并行不悖，以及与多元历史记忆共存的史学专业认同。在这个意义上，“学术无新旧也”，新的叙述转向似应注重承前启后、继往开来，并力求超越以往现代性史学形成的新旧对立、破旧立新的思维惯性，在继承、借鉴和发展以往学术的基础上有容乃大。
［关键词］现代性史学|后现代史学|叙述转向|中国近现代史

也说历史研究中的“假设”问题　　赵庆云

略谈《毛洛合作与长征胜利》的价值　　周一平　陈秀利

晚清以降的经济与社会——第二届中国近代社会史国际学术研讨会综述　　朱 浒

晚清改革与社会变迁——第二届晚清史国际学术研讨会综述　　王宏斌

开放的文化观念——纪念新文化运动90周年国际学术研讨会综述　　王代莉

三、英文内容提要

Modern Chinese History Studies No.1, 2008

Rational Man in the “Mass Movement”: An Analysis of the Situational Judgments and Behavioral Choices Made by Various Classes in Rural Society in North China during the Land Reform Movement Li Lifeng (4)

This article researches situational judgments and behavioral characteristics of various classes in North China in the Land Reform Movement from the angle of microscopic interaction theory and the presumption of Rational Man. Rural social members were assigned different class identities in the Movement, and on this basis they made judgments about the revolutionary situation and the environment they faced, and made behavioral choices accordingly. Among them, landlords and rich peasants had little freedom of choice, and could only strategize to avoid the worst results under the most unfavorable conditions. Poor or employed peasants, however, were at an advantage, and their behavioral styles reflected a tension between “the rational peasant” and “the moral peasant”. As for middle peasants, they were always striving for a balance between security and interests, and often preferred security and took it as the basis for their behavioral choices.

Gentry and “Popular Revolts” in the Late Qing Period: Historical Trends and the Causes of Conflict between the Gentry and Common People Wang Xianming (21)

In the continuous “popular revolts” of the late Qing period, conflict between the gentry and common people tended to become more and more frequent and radical. In the transition from the traditional system to a modern system, the traditional gentry was placed directly at the center of the restructuring of social authority, and became a power-holding gentry in control of various local sources of authority. The conflicts of interest and deterioration in the relationship between the gentry and common people thereby formed one of the basic reasons for the continuous “popular revolts” in local society in the late Qing. The late Qing “New Policies” formed the basis of an “institutional enlargement” of gentry power, whereby the “institutionalization” of powerful gentry formed the institutional seeds for “popular revolt” or “conflicts between gentry and common people”.

A Study of Organic Intellectuals and their Class Moral Basis in Wartime Chongqing: The Example of Yu ZushengJoshua H. Howard (34)

The worker writers represented by Yu Zusheng were a part of the radical workers in China in the 1940s, and they were important figures in the process of advancing the “class project”. In order to build bridges between workers and intellectuals as well as to break down stigmas ascribed to the working class by society, Yu turned to writing. Writing not only was a method for Yu to pursue personal liberation, but also a means to express his beliefs. Firstly, using language that could be accepted by society, Yu Zusheng asked society to give necessary dignity to workers, and his endeavors played an active role in the formation of the Chongqing working class in the 1940s. Secondly, in his works, Yu melded his personal experiences with his ethical ideas and political needs, and molded a new role for intellectuals—castigators of society and politics. As a result, Yu became a typical “organic intellectual” as described by Antonio Gramsci. Yu Zusheng desired to become an intellectual defined by his own concept, and at the same time he suggested that workers should have a lofty morality just like that of intellectuals. Nonetheless, he was always in an awkward position between intellectuals and workers, and his relations with members of other social classes began to become ambiguous. It is worthy to note that ten years after his death the movement of remolding intellectuals was to prevail in China.

Tianjin’s Water Supply and the Evolution of Urban Life in the Early 20th Century Liu Haiyan (52)

The appearance of tap water had a great impact on modern cities. It changed the spatial structure of cities and promoted the formation of a system of municipal administration. As a treaty port, Tianjin had for a long time two water supply systems, due to the existence of foreign concessions and the division of municipal administration. Different social environments and administrative systems made urban society accept running water supply in different ways. In the foreign concessions, running water was a foundation of the modern community, but in old parts of Tianjin, the introduction of running water represented a conflict between and blending of traditional and new life styles. Regardless, from the late Qing through the Republican period, as the running water supply system entered into people’s lives, new ideas of health and hygiene were gradually accepted by citizens and a modern urban life style gradually formed.

Rural Cooperation and the Entry of Finance into the Countryside: An Examination of Rural Economic Recovery in the Jiangxi-Fujian Border Region, 1934-1937 You Haihua (68)

At the end of 1934, large-scale war between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party in the Jiangxi-Fujian Border Region came to a halt. The urgent problem the ruling Nationalist government faced was how to revive the nearly collapsed rural economy there as soon as possible. In early 1935, the Provincial Rural Cooperation Committees of Jiangxi and Fujian both appointed members to establish offices in the Border Region counties. Through “swift methods”, “building communes and distributing loans” and “reviving spring ploughing”, they established a modern rural financial network with preparatory cooperatives as its base. As a result, the government’s “funds to help peasants” could “go to the countryside” rapidly and effectively. At the end of the year, about 150,000 of 300,000 peasant households in the Jiangxi 8th Administrative District (comprising seven counties—including Ruijin and Xinguo—that belonged to the former Central Soviet Region) received loans for agriculture, agricultural products storage and special relief, totaling about 700,000 yuan. In the special environment of the Border Region’s “post-war relief” period, it was precisely the ruling government’s “initiative” to direct peasants to build rural cooperatives that enabled the rural cooperation policies to fully carry out their functions of capital assistance and bringing finance “to the countryside.” This “initiative” started and encouraged the economic recovery process in the Jiangxi-Fujian Border Region.

A Study of Local Officials’ School Education in the Late Qing Period: Centered on Administrative Training Schools and Law Schools Xu Baoan (84)

Sino-Japanese Relations before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894: Centered on the Korean Telegraph Line DisputeGuo Haiyan (104)

The “Narrative Turn” and the Reorganization of New and Old: A Problem Faced by Modern Chinese History Studies in the New Century Hu Cheng (117)

Further Discussion of Conjecture in Historical Studies Zhao Qingyun (131)

Commentary on the Value of Cooperation between Mao Zedong and Luo Fu and the Victory of the Long March Zhou Yiping, Chen Xiuli (136)

Economy and Society since the Late Qing—The Second International Seminar on Modern Chinese Social History Zhu Hu (143)

Late Qing Reform and Social Transformation—The Second International Seminar on Late Qing History Wang Hongbin (150)

The Cultural Concepts of Openness—An International Conference Commemorating the 90th Anniversary of the New Culture Movement Wang Daili (155)

List of Winners of the Third Guo Moruo History Prize （160）

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