《近代史研究》2008年第2期

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一、中文目录

专题论文   
经典的没落与章学诚“六经皆史”说的提升 刘 巍（1）
西安事变与日本的对华政策 臧运祜（26）
转向联德，还是继续亲英美？——滇缅路事件后国民党内曾谋划调整外交路线 左双文（38）
太平洋国际学会与东北问题——中、日学会的交锋 王美平（50）
学位文选   
以“一返方言”抵抗“汉字统一”与“万国新语”——章太炎关于语言文字问题的论争（1906－1911） 彭春凌（65）
四川存古学堂的兴办进程 郭书愚（83）
书评与文评  
整体史视野下的学术新求索——评《江南场景：社会史的跨学科对话》 唐力行（103）
AB团肃反之“法理”依据与文化根源——读《AB团与富田事变始末》札记 陈铁健（111）
读史札记   
晚清至民国徽州小农的生产与生活——对5本婺源县排日账的分析 黄志繁、邵鸿（119）
中日教科书问题的最早纷争 吴科达（125）
对张謇“1919年”五篇文章写作时间的考证 张自强、刘道荣（128）
学术综述  
近代市镇研究的回顾与评估 任 放（131）
近20年来中国近代慈善事业史研究述评 曾桂林（147）
 

二、中文内容提要

经典的没落与章学诚“六经皆史”说的提升　　刘 巍（中国社会科学院近代史研究所副研究员、清华大学博士研究生）
［内容提要］晚清以降，随着西力东侵、西学东渐，国势衰危之际，经典不再是士大夫发挥政治与文化理想的最高思想资源，“六经皆史”遂成为流行的时代思潮。本文主要联系晚清今古文经学之争与民国新史学家提出的“六经皆史料”的口号，扼要勾勒了章学诚的“六经皆史”说在晚清民国的影响与折变。从“六经皆史”，到“夷六艺于古史”，再到“六经皆史料”，此说之备受关注，深刻地反映了中国近代经学的衰败及其主导地位被史学所取代、而经典自身不能不以“史料”的身份寄身于“史学”的历史命运。经典之权威地位的丧失与“六经皆史”说之提升齐头并进、恰成反悖而有密切的内在关系，尤为深刻地反映了时势的变动。
［关键词］经典的没落|章学诚|六经皆史|夷六艺于古史|六经皆史料|时势

西安事变与日本的对华政策　　臧运祜（北京大学历史系副教授）
［内容提要］日本在1936年8月全面确立以分裂华北为中心的对华政策，随后即初步付诸实施。西安事变的爆发打乱了其侵华步骤，也使得“一致抗日”成为当时中国最具国内号召力和国际影响力的目标。事变期间，日本最初采取“沿续并促进”的方针，企图趁机继续实施以往的对华政策；在明确情况后，被迫采取静观待变的态度，却又坚决干预中国的“容共”问题。事变的迅速和平解决，最终打破了日本的阴谋。事变后，中国团结抗战局面的形成，迫使日本统治集团重新认识中国，日本政局也出现大动荡。林内阁期间，主要以“佐藤外交”修改以往的对华策略，但并未根本放弃既定的对华政策。“佐藤外交”夭折后，近卫内阁又回归于广田内阁时期的对华政策，最终在“七·七”事变后走向全面侵华之路。
［关键词］西安事变|中日关系|日本侵华|对华政策

转向联德，还是继续亲英美？——滇缅路事件后国民党内曾谋划调整外交路线　　左双文 （华南师范大学历史文化学院教授）
［内容提要］1940年7月，迫于日本的压力，英国同意封锁滇缅公路3个月。中国朝野对此十分不满，国民党高层出现了与英断交、转向联德的呼声，并已开始试探性的行动。但时任国民党中宣部长的王世杰等人力拒此议，并说服蒋介石基本维持原外交策略，尤其是稍后国际局势的变化（如德意日结成同盟，德意承认汪伪，英美对日日趋强硬等等），联德之议最终被放弃。国民党内这次调整外交路线的讨论，虽未在事实上引起重大震动，但所涉问题，关乎国民政府的大政方针，足以牵动中国抗战大局，也反映了国民党内一些重要人士此期间的政治见解和思想动态。
［关键词］滇缅路事件|中英关系|中德关系|王世杰|孙科|朱家骅

太平洋国际学会与东北问题 ——中、日学会的交锋　　王美平（南开大学日本研究院博士生）
［内容提要］太平洋国际学会是第一次世界大战后由亚太地区民间团体组成的一个旨在维护国际秩序的非政府组织。20世纪20年代末30年代初，该组织分别召开京都会议和上海会议，就中国东北问题进行了激烈的论争。日本学会从狭隘的民族主义出发，遏制中国学会的积极活动，为日本的侵略政策辩解，并为之提供“理论依据”，成为日本政府的御用工具。中国学会为维护民族独立和国家主权，有理、有利、有节地与其进行了针锋相对的斗争，使会议成为“无硝烟的战场”和中日国联大论战的预演。会议虽未就东北问题达成共识，但对国际舆论产生了重要影响。
［关键词］太平洋国际学会|京都会议|上海会议|东北问题|中日关系

“一返方言”抵抗“汉字统一”与“万国新语”——章太炎关于语言文字问题的论争（1906—1911）　　彭春凌（北京大学中文系博士研究生）
［内容提要］晚清的文字改革一直走着“步武日本”与“规仿泰西”两条路。章太炎1906年主持《民报》后，与日本的“汉字统一会”、法国巴黎的《新世纪》杂志，就语言文字问题展开论争，并创作出学术名著《新方言》。本文试图回到这两次论争的历史背景，梳理参与论争各方的思路与资源，探索学术史背后之思想史，阐明章太炎如何立足于方言，抵抗新时期仿日与崇欧的代表——“汉字统一” 论和“万国新语” 说。此过程中，他一方面展示了晚清以小学言国粹、言建国者的文化视野；另一方面阐述了以方言为根基、打通古今的“言文一致”观，以言语之“展转缘生”为依据，建立在文化地域亲缘性基础上的“语言统一”论。这两点都对现代中国的文化理想产生了深远影响。
［关键词］章太炎|方言|万国新语|言文一致|语言统一

四川存古学堂的兴办进程　　郭书愚（四川大学历史文化学院博士研究生）
［内容提要］存古学堂是清季政府以学堂这一新形式保存国粹的尝试，是官方“新教育”体系的一部分，而不是其对立面。过去对此研究非常不足，除湖北存古学堂因张之洞而时被涉及外，其他各省存古学堂基本未见实在的论述。四川存古学堂在办校原则和规格、教学规章、校务管理的划一模式等方面，具有多数存古学堂的共性特征；同时，川省办学员绅对“国粹”及其保存方式的认知与张之洞等人不尽相同，四川存古学堂的实际办理情形与学部规章也有相当的出入，有其独特之处。从学堂的筹建及招生、师资典籍、课程设置与教学、川省与学部的互动及其在民初的嬗递等方面考察四川存古学堂的兴办历程，可以增进对全国各存古学堂以及整个清季“新教育”的全面理解；而从省一级的“地方”视角考察清季民初的社会、政治与文化，应可推进对那一时代的认识。
［关键词］存古学堂|清末新教育|近代四川|保存国粹|官绅合作

整体史视野下的学术新求索——评《江南场景：社会史的跨学科对话》　　唐力行

AB团肃反之“法理”依据与文化根源——读《AB团与富田事变始末》札记　　陈铁健

晚清至民国徽州小农的生产与生活——对5本婺源县排日账的分析　　黄志繁　邵鸿

中日教科书问题的最早纷争 吴科达

对张謇“1919年”五篇文章写作时间的考证　　张自强　刘道荣

近代市镇研究的回顾与评估　　任 放

近20年来中国近代慈善事业史研究述评　　曾桂林
 

三、英文内容提要

The Decline of the Classics and the Rise of Zhang Xuecheng’s Theory that “the Six Classics Are Histories” / Liu Wei (4)

Since the late Qing period, with the invasion of Western powers and introduction of Western learning in China, in the face of national crisis, the classics ceased to be the best intellectual resources for scholar-officials to give full play to their political and cultural ideals. As a result, the idea that “the six classics are histories” became a popular view. This article briefly describes the influences on Zhang Xuecheng’s theory that “the six classics are histories,” and changes it went through. Mainly, this article links Zhang’s theory with the late Qing debate over new-text and old-text Confucian studies, and with the slogan “the six classics are historical data,” proposed by new historians in the Republican period. From “the six classics are histories” to “suborning the six classics to ancient history” and on to “the six classics are historical data”, the great attention given to this theory was a profound reflection of the fact that classical studies had declined in modern China and had been supplanted in its leading position by historiography. The classics themselves were destined to become an appendage of “historiography” in the role of “historical data.” The decline of the authority of the classics was paralleled by the rise of the theory that “the six classics are histories.” These two contrary but internally connected trends deeply reflect the political and social changes of the time.

The Xi’an Incident and Japan’s Policies toward China / Zang Yunhu (26)

In August 1936, Japan settled on and began to carry out a China policy centered on breaking up North China. The outbreak of the Xi’an Incident upset Japan’s scheme to invade China, and made “standing united against Japan” the most domestically attractive and internationally influential goal in China. During the Incident, Japan firstly adopted the principle of “continuation and acceleration,” attempting to use the situation as an opportunity to push forward its existing China policy. But when the actual situation became clear, Japan was forced to adopt an attitude of “watching and waiting.” Nevertheless, Japan persisted in intervening to try to “dissolve the Communists.” The quick and peaceful settlement of the Xi’an Incident finally undermined Japan’s intrigues entirely. After the Incident, China began a united resistance against aggression, and the Japanese ruling group was forced to re-evaluate it’s understanding of China. At the same time, the Japanese political situation was in turmoil. The Hayashi Cabinet amended the existing China policy, mainly by introducing the “Sato Diplomacy.” However, this was not a fundamental change. After the “Sato Diplomacy” failed, the Konoe Cabinet returned to the Hirota Cabinet’s old policy, and eventually set out on the road toward general invasion.

Ally with Germany, or Continue to Side with Great Britain and the USA? A Page from the Guomindang’s Attempt at Diplomatic Realignment after the Yunnan-Burma Road Incident / Zuo Shuangwen (38)

In July 1940, under Japanese pressure, Great Britain agreed to close off the Yunnan-Burma road for three months. The Chinese government and the general public were very upset at this action, and in the Guomindang leadership there were calls to sever diplomatic relations with Britain and ally with Germany. Some officials even began to take some exploratory measures. However, Wang Shijie, the director of the Guomindang Central Committee’s Department of Propaganda, and some other officials strongly opposed this suggestion and persuaded Chiang Kai-shek to maintain the existing diplomatic strategy. The suggestion of allying with Germany was finally abandoned due to these factors, and particularly due to later changes in the international situation (i.e. the alliance between Germany, Italy and Japan, and their recognition of the Wang Jingwei puppet regime; and the USA’s ever-toughening stance towards Japan). Although the Guomindang’s discussion of diplomatic re-alignment did not actually cause any major upheavals, the issues involved were tied to the Nationalist government’s major policies, and were important enough to have an overall impact on China’s war of resistance. These issues also reflected the political ideas and thoughts of important figures in the Guomindang.

The Institute of Pacific Relations and the Northeast China Issue: the China and Japan Branches Cross Swords / Wang Meiping (50)

The Institute of Pacific Relations was a non-governmental organization established by civilian groups in the Asia-Pacific region after World War I with an aim to maintain international order. From the late 1920s to the early 1930s, the organization held conferences in Kyoto and Shanghai, where they fiercely debated over the issue of Northeast China. Taking a narrowly nationalistic stance, the Japan Institute suppressed the proactive activities of the China Institute. By defending Japan’s aggressive policy and providing a “theoretical justification” for it, the Japan Institute became an instrument of the Japanese government. In order to defend national independence and sovereignty, the China Institute fought the Japan Institute blow-for-blow, justly, effectively and with dignity. The conferences became “battlefields without gunpowder smoke” and a preview of the big debates between China and Japan in League of Nations. Though the conferences did not reach a common consensus to the issue of Northeast China, they did exert an important influence on international public opinion.

Using a “Return to Dialect” to Oppose “Unifying Chinese Characters” and “Esperanto”: Zhang Taiyan’s Debates about Language Issue，1906—1911 / Peng Chunling (65)

“Learning from Japan” and “Imitating Europe” had been the two paths of language reform in the late Qing dynasty. After taking over at Min Bao in 1906, Zhang Taiyan debated about spoken and written language with the “Association for Unifying Chinese Characters” in Japan and The New Century Weekly in Paris, and completed his famous monograph The New Dialect. This article tries to revisit the background of these disputes, and organize the ideas of all parties involved, and the sources on which they drew. It probes the intellectual history behind the academic history, explaining how Zhang Taiyan used dialect as the basis for opposing “Unifying Chinese Characters” and “Esperanto,” the two representative arguments in favor of imitating Japan and following Europe in the new era. In the process, Zhang on the one hand exhibited the cultural vision of those who took a philological approach to discussing “national essence” and “nation building” in the late Qing. On the other hand, he described the dialect-based and era-spanning “identity of spoken and written language,” and the theory of “language unification” based on the consanguinity of cultural regions and the communal production of language. These two points have exerted a profound influence on modern China’s cultural thought.

The Founding of the Cungu School in Sichuan / Guo Shuyu (83)

A New Study with a Whole History Approach: Comments on Jiangnan Background: Cross-disciplinary Dialogue about Social History / Tang Lixing (103)

The “Legal” Basis and Cultural Reasons for Suppressing the AB Group: Reading Notes on All about the AB Group and the Futian Incident / Chen Tiejian (111)

Production and the Life of Huizhou Peasants in the Late Qing and Republican Periods: An Analysis of Five Day-to-Day Accounts in Wuyuan County / Huang Zhifan, Shao Hong (119)

The Earliest Textbook Disputes between China and Japan / Wu Keda (125)

The Dates of Authorship of Zhang Jian’s Five “1919” Articles / Zhang Ziqiang, Liu Daorong (128)

Review and Assessment of Studies on Modern Cities and Towns / Ren Fang (131)

Critical Review of Studies on Modern Chinese Philanthropic History in the Past Twenty Years / Zeng Guilin (147)

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